Seed systems are important in combating food insecurity resulting from climate change. However, despite significant progress in recent times in agricultural innovation through the development of resilient seeds, hunger and extreme poverty persist as critical global challenges. Therefore, agroecology is a key part of the global response to this climate of instability, offering a unique approach to meeting significant increases in our food needs of the future while ensuring no one is left behind.

How can agroecology be used to enhance seed systems? One may ask. Agroecology is an integrated approach that simultaneously applies ecological and social concepts and principles to the design and management of food and agricultural systems. By providing a sustainable approach to farming that embraces farmer-managed seed systems, and empowering farmers to take control of their seeds, agroecology represents a departure from dependency on corporate entities.

During the 2024 STAK Congress, Gloria Mutheu, a seed merchant at Dryland Seed Company said, “Agroecology prioritizes farmers’ empowerment, enabling them to make informed decisions based on local conditions.”

She added that it reduces reliance on external seed sources as farmers can cultivate and improve their seeds through observation, testing, and adaptation. Each seed thus becomes a knowledge reservoir, integrating years of information about the environment and enhancing resilience.

The industrial seed systems are fragile, owing to vulnerability to adverse conditions. In contrast, the seeds from a farmer-managed seed system demonstrate their ability to thrive and adapt, reflecting their close alignment with the local ecosystem. Consequently, agroecology, rooted in traditional knowledge and sustainable practices, outperforms industrial agriculture on multiple fronts.

According to the Food & Agriculture Organization, by 2050, our planet will need to feed close to 10 billion people. We must transform our agricultural and food systems so they work with and not against nature. As more people go hungry and malnutrition persists, we need to transform the way we do agriculture to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030. 

By promoting on-farm seed diversity, agroecology strengthens genetic diversity, improving resilience against pests, diseases, and climate variability. It also helps preserve traditional and indigenous seed varieties adapted to local ecological conditions, providing farmers with a broader range of options for sustainable farming.

Moreover, Community-based seed banks play a central role in agroecology by preserving locally adapted seed varieties, serving as reliable sources of quality seeds during crises, and facilitating equitable access through seed-sharing and knowledge exchange among farmers. These initiatives reduce dependence on external inputs such as genetically modified seeds and synthetic fertilizers, empowering farmers to save and exchange seeds while lowering production costs, and making farming more sustainable and profitable.

Additionally, agroecology enhances resilience to climate change by supporting the development of drought-tolerant and flood-resistant seed varieties through participatory breeding programs. Practices such as crop rotations and polycultures also improve soil health and mitigate the impact of extreme weather conditions.

Participatory breeding programs, a hallmark of agroecology, engage farmers directly in seed development, ensuring new varieties meet local needs and preferences. These programs strengthen the collaboration between research institutions and farming communities. Agroecology also promotes policy advocacy and capacity building, pushing for seed sovereignty and the protection of farmers’ rights to save and exchange seeds. Farmer-led research and training programs further enhance seed production skills.

By encouraging circular economies, agroecology supports practices such as seed recycling and the use of farm-saved seeds. It also backs local seed enterprises that prioritize biodiversity and sustainability.

Ultimately, integrating agroecology into seed systems shifts the focus from industrial monocultures to resilient, sustainable, and farmer-centered practices, ensuring long-term food security and ecological health.