Plastic pollution has proved to be a global menace, affecting every aspect of the environment, particularly microplastic particles. A recent study has discovered the hidden microplastic threat in IV fluids, and every drip could deliver thousands of plastic particles directly into the bloodstream.
The American Chemical Society study, titled MPs Entering Human Circulation through Infusions: A Significant Pathway and Health Concern, found that each bag of infusion fluid could deliver about 7,500 microplastics directly into the bloodstream. This figure rises to about 25,000 particles to treat dehydration or 52,500 for abdominal surgery, which can require multiple IV bags. What does this mean for patient health, and why is it happening?
How Microplastics End Up in IV Fluids
IV fluid bags are made of polypropylene. The research involved two brands of 250-milliliter (ml) bags of IV saline solution. The contents of each bag were dripped into separate glass containers and the liquids filtered to catch microscopic particles.
The researchers discovered that both brands of saline contained microplastic particles made from polypropylene, which suggests that the bags shed microplastics into the solutions. Despite medical plastics being essential, they are a hidden source of contamination.
What Happens When Plastic Enters the Bloodstream?
Studies have detected microplastics in various human tissues and organs. Fragments ranging from 5 to 10 micrometers in size have been detected in the placenta, on both the fetal and maternal sides, as well as in the chorioamniotic membranes and breast milk, raising concerns about potential health impacts on infants.
Microplastics have also been detected in multiple lungs, livers, kidneys, and even the bloodstream. These pose potential health risks like inflammation as a result of tissue damage and cardiovascular issues.
Dr. Katie Pelch, a senior scientist in environmental health, notes that exposure to microplastics is suspected to harm human reproductive, digestive, and respiratory health.
However, significant gaps remain despite these findings. Significantly, there is a scarcity of long-term clinical studies assessing the direct impact of microplastics on human health. This means that the exact biological mechanisms by which microplastics may cause harm are not yet fully understood.
A Necessary Risk?
Before the advent of plastics, the medical field used glass IV bottles. Glass bottles are chemically inert and eliminate concerns about chemical leaching. However, compared to plastic IVs, glass IV bottles are more expensive and heavier. Moreover, glass is fragile and can easily break, which can compromise sterility and safety.
To address the rising concern, the medical industry is developing non-PVC and biodegradable IV bags. Materials such as polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) are being used to manufacture IV bags free from PVC and harmful plasticizers. Moreover, derived from renewable resources, biodegradable plastics offer environmental benefits despite being 20-30% more costly than traditional plastics. Research on the development of cost-effective, safe, and environmentally friendly IV bag options is crucial.
What Can Be Done?
To minimize microplastic shedding, it’s recommended to store IV infusion bags away from ultraviolet (UV) light and heat sources. This helps reduce the degradation of plastic materials, limiting the release of microplastics into the solutions.
Scientists have also recommended incorporating micrometer-level filtration systems during the infusion process, which can effectively remove microplastic particles before they enter the patient’s bloodstream.
The Breast Cancer Prevention Partners’ report highlights the need for regulatory actions, such as banning harmful chemicals like DEHP from medical devices, and encourages hospitals to transition to safer alternatives.
The researchers emphasize that their findings should “provide a scientific basis for formulating appropriate policies and measures to mitigate the potential threats posed by microplastics to human health.”
